Latin American Revolution Timeline
Alan Catano
The Haitian Revolution (1791-1804)
Haiti was a French colony originally called Saint Domingue. The sole purpose of the colony was for plantation, and about 40% of the world's sugar and 50% of the world's coffee was produced in Haiti.
Population: 500,000 slaves + 40,000 white people + 30,000 free people of color = 570,000 People living in Haiti.
1791= The 1st massive revolt. : triggered by rumors that the French king had delcared an end to slavery
Result: 1000 plantations burned and a 1000 of white/mixed people killed.
Revolution continued by a man named Toussaint Louverture
Overall result:
The Only Completely Successful Slave Revolt in World History
January 1, 1804= The Formal Declaration of Independence
Population: 500,000 slaves + 40,000 white people + 30,000 free people of color = 570,000 People living in Haiti.
1791= The 1st massive revolt. : triggered by rumors that the French king had delcared an end to slavery
Result: 1000 plantations burned and a 1000 of white/mixed people killed.
Revolution continued by a man named Toussaint Louverture
Overall result:
The Only Completely Successful Slave Revolt in World History
January 1, 1804= The Formal Declaration of Independence
Mexican Revolution
A man named Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla launches the Mexican War of Independence in the town of Dolores.
They Called for the end of 300 years of Spanish rule in Mexico, redistribution of land, and racial equality. However, when he launched his Mexican rebellion, he failed in capturing the Mexican capital.
Ironically. it was the Royalists made up of Mexicans of Spanish descent and other conservatives brought about independence.
In early 1821, Agustin de Iturbide negotiated the Plan of Iguala with Vicente Guerrero. Under the plan, Mexico would be established as an independent constitutional monarchy, the privileged position of the Catholic Church would be maintained, and Mexicans of Spanish descent would be regarded as equal to pure Spaniards
In 1822, Iturbide was proclaimed the emperor of Mexico, but his empire fell very quickly. Then, Guadalupe Victoria became the first president.
Venezuelan Revolution
The Venezuelan War of Independence was one of the Spanish wars during the early nineteenth century.
The establishment of the Supreme Caracas Junta following the forced deposition of Vicente Emparan as Captain General of the Captaincy General of Venezuela on April 19, 1810, marked the beginnings of the war. On July 5, 1811, seven of the ten provinces of the Captaincy General of Venezuela declared their independence in the Venezuelan Declaration of Independence. The First Republic of Venezuela was lost in 1812 following the 1812 Caracas earthquake and the Battle of La Victoria (1812). Simón Bolívar led an "Admirable Campaign" to retake Venezuela, establishing the Second Republic of Venezuela in 1813; but this too did not last, falling to a combination of a local uprising and Spanish royalist reconquest.
In 17 December 1819 the Congress of Angostura declared Gran Colombia an independent country. After two more years of war, the country achieved independence from Spain in 1821
The establishment of the Supreme Caracas Junta following the forced deposition of Vicente Emparan as Captain General of the Captaincy General of Venezuela on April 19, 1810, marked the beginnings of the war. On July 5, 1811, seven of the ten provinces of the Captaincy General of Venezuela declared their independence in the Venezuelan Declaration of Independence. The First Republic of Venezuela was lost in 1812 following the 1812 Caracas earthquake and the Battle of La Victoria (1812). Simón Bolívar led an "Admirable Campaign" to retake Venezuela, establishing the Second Republic of Venezuela in 1813; but this too did not last, falling to a combination of a local uprising and Spanish royalist reconquest.
In 17 December 1819 the Congress of Angostura declared Gran Colombia an independent country. After two more years of war, the country achieved independence from Spain in 1821
Peru Revolution
The two leading figures of the South American wars of independence were Simon Bolivar in the north and Jose de San Martin in the south.
Jose was born to Spanish parents in 1778 at Yapeyu where his father was governor and mother a prostitute.
In 1811. Jose de San Martin reorganized the army and brought off one of the most remarkable feats in military history by
-Leading a force of 5,000 men through the towering Andes peaks to invade Chile.
He invaded Peru and declared independence in Lima in 1821, with himself as dictator
Jose was born to Spanish parents in 1778 at Yapeyu where his father was governor and mother a prostitute.
In 1811. Jose de San Martin reorganized the army and brought off one of the most remarkable feats in military history by
-Leading a force of 5,000 men through the towering Andes peaks to invade Chile.
He invaded Peru and declared independence in Lima in 1821, with himself as dictator
Columbian Revolution
Columbia was first founded as a Spanish colony in the 16th Century, They tried to form a government with Venezuela, and Ecuador, however it unfortunately went down.
The Creoles, people born in South America, moved for change in the imperial system in the early 1800 including an end to slavery, free enterprise, and restriction on gov power.
General Tomas Cipriano de Mosquera removed the government monopoly on tobacco and then after a civil war in 1863,
Columbia was formed and the in 1886 adopted the name of the Republic of Columbia
Ecuador Revolution
Ecuador suffered a severe depression throughout most of the eighteenth century
In October of 1820, a junta under the leadership of Jose Joaquin Olmedo declared Ecuador's independence from its colonial master.
Ecuador's independence movement was led by Venezuelan Simon Bolivar Palacios and Jose de Martin.
Bolivar and San Martin led the combined Ecuadorian and foreign forces to a number of successive victories before finally being stopped at the city of Ambato.
After another series of triumphs and a decisive victory at the Battle of Pichincha on May 24, Ecuador achieved its independence on 1822.
- Textile Production
- Shipping/Trade
- Economic Failures
- Depression
In October of 1820, a junta under the leadership of Jose Joaquin Olmedo declared Ecuador's independence from its colonial master.
Ecuador's independence movement was led by Venezuelan Simon Bolivar Palacios and Jose de Martin.
Bolivar and San Martin led the combined Ecuadorian and foreign forces to a number of successive victories before finally being stopped at the city of Ambato.
After another series of triumphs and a decisive victory at the Battle of Pichincha on May 24, Ecuador achieved its independence on 1822.
Bolivia Revolution
In Venezuela, Simon Bolivar began a revolution of South America independence from Spain. His struggle would take Simon all over South America and his cause gained followers every day that passed.
In 1823, Bolivar crossed the border on December 9, 1824, the rebel forces defeated the royalist army in the Battle of Ayacucho. The remaining royalist forces were easily defeated at El Callao but there remained one more obstacle.
A man named General Olaneta had attempted to surrender Upper Peru to Brazil in the last ditch effort to maintain Spanish control in the area but to no avail. The battle was now soon over at the final battle on April 9, 1825
A constitutional congress was summoned and on August 6, 1825, Bolivar led Bolivia on the path to democracy and independence.
In 1823, Bolivar crossed the border on December 9, 1824, the rebel forces defeated the royalist army in the Battle of Ayacucho. The remaining royalist forces were easily defeated at El Callao but there remained one more obstacle.
A man named General Olaneta had attempted to surrender Upper Peru to Brazil in the last ditch effort to maintain Spanish control in the area but to no avail. The battle was now soon over at the final battle on April 9, 1825
A constitutional congress was summoned and on August 6, 1825, Bolivar led Bolivia on the path to democracy and independence.
Uruguay Revolution
As the century progressed, the Spanish managed to tentatively control Montevideo and modern-day Uruguay until cries for revolution broke out in 1811.
During the age of Enlightenment, many South American colonies embraced the ideas of republicanism, seeking independence from the Spanish crown, with Uruguay being no exception.
Another seven years of fighting ensued, including the Cisplatine War, until the Treaty of Montevideo was drawn up in 1828, creating modern-day Uruguay.
During the age of Enlightenment, many South American colonies embraced the ideas of republicanism, seeking independence from the Spanish crown, with Uruguay being no exception.
Another seven years of fighting ensued, including the Cisplatine War, until the Treaty of Montevideo was drawn up in 1828, creating modern-day Uruguay.
Brazil Revolution
In 1820, Portugal experienced the Constitutional Revolution, which was initiated by the liberal constitutionals. This revolution led to the Constituent Assembly’s meeting and deciding to create the first constitution of the Kingdom and to demand the return of King Dom João VI from Brazil.
The Brazilian inhabitants had, by this stage, become completely outraged by the Cortes’ actions. This resulted in the uprising of the Bonificans (led by Bonifácio de Andrade) and the Liberals (supported by the Freemasons and led by Joaquim Gonçalves Ledo). These two groups were united only by the fact that they wanted to keep Brazil united with Portugal as a sovereign monarchy
In August 1822, Pedro went to Sao Paulo to pledge loyalty to the Brazilian cause.
On September 22 1822, Brazil became independent
The Brazilian inhabitants had, by this stage, become completely outraged by the Cortes’ actions. This resulted in the uprising of the Bonificans (led by Bonifácio de Andrade) and the Liberals (supported by the Freemasons and led by Joaquim Gonçalves Ledo). These two groups were united only by the fact that they wanted to keep Brazil united with Portugal as a sovereign monarchy
In August 1822, Pedro went to Sao Paulo to pledge loyalty to the Brazilian cause.
On September 22 1822, Brazil became independent
Citations
“Venezuelan War of Independence.” Asia - Timeline Index, www.timelineindex.com/content/view/3912.
“Mexican War of Independence Begins.” History.com, A&E Television Networks, 3 Mar. 2010, www.history.com/this-day-in-history/mexican-war-of-independence- begins.
Meyer, Amelia. “Brazil.org.za.” National Anthem of Brazil, 1 Jan. 1970, www.brazil.org.za/independence.html.
“The Liberation of Peru.” History Today, www.historytoday.com/archive/months- past/liberation-peru.
“1750 -1900 Enlightenment and Revolution | World History.” Khan Academy, Khan Academy, www.khanacademy.org/humanities/world-history/1600s- 1800s/modal/v/latin-america-indepence.
“Donquijote.” Spanish Civil War (1936-1939) - History of Spain - Don Quijote, www.donquijote.org/bolivian-culture/history/independence-bolivia/.
“Mexican War of Independence Begins.” History.com, A&E Television Networks, 3 Mar. 2010, www.history.com/this-day-in-history/mexican-war-of-independence- begins.
Meyer, Amelia. “Brazil.org.za.” National Anthem of Brazil, 1 Jan. 1970, www.brazil.org.za/independence.html.
“The Liberation of Peru.” History Today, www.historytoday.com/archive/months- past/liberation-peru.
“1750 -1900 Enlightenment and Revolution | World History.” Khan Academy, Khan Academy, www.khanacademy.org/humanities/world-history/1600s- 1800s/modal/v/latin-america-indepence.
“Donquijote.” Spanish Civil War (1936-1939) - History of Spain - Don Quijote, www.donquijote.org/bolivian-culture/history/independence-bolivia/.
